Antibiotics, birth mode, and diet shape microbiome maturation during early life

Early childhood is a critical stage  for the foundation and development of both  the microbiome and host. Early-life antibiotic exposures, cesarean section, and formula feeding  could disrupt  microbiome establishment and adversely affect health later in life. We profiled microbial development during the first 2 years of life in a cohort of 43 U.S. infants and identified  multiple  disturbances associated with antibiotic exposures, cesarean section,  and formula  feeding. These exposures contributed to altered establishment of maternal bacteria,  delayed  microbiome development, and altered a-diversity. These findings illustrate  the complexity of early-life microbiome development and its sensi- tivity to perturbation.

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